Probabilistic cues that directed attention to an inappropriate (nontarget) location led to a lower probability of participants reporting the target color, as predicted. Their errors exhibited a noteworthy pattern, clustering around a non-target color directly opposite the color improperly highlighted. In experience-driven and top-down probabilistic cues, a tendency to avoid features was found, likely due to a strategic, but potentially unconscious, behavior. This occurs when information about the features and their locations outside the center of attention is limited. The significance of various attentional guidance types impacting feature perception and memory accounts is underscored by the findings. Marizomib The APA holds all rights to this PsycINFO database record from 2023.
At least two images, shown simultaneously and briefly, allow observers to make independent aesthetic judgments. Despite this, the validity of this conclusion for sensations arising from different sensory systems is unknown. The study addressed the question of whether people can make independent judgments of auditory and visual information, and whether the duration of those stimuli influences those judgments. In both experiments, a replication, and a total sample of 120 participants (N = 120), images of paintings and snippets of music were displayed simultaneously for 2 seconds (Experiment 1) and 5 seconds (Experiment 2). Following the presentation of the stimuli, participants assessed the degree of pleasure derived from the stimulus—music, image, or a combined experience, contingent upon the presented cue—using a nine-point scale. Finally, as part of a baseline assessment, participants evaluated each stimulus in isolation. Predicting audiovisual presentation ratings was accomplished using baseline ratings as a point of reference. Across both experimental conditions, the root mean square errors (RMSEs) from leave-one-out cross-validation analyses demonstrated that the presence of a concurrent stimulus had no effect on participants' judgments of either music or images. The arithmetic mean of individual stimulus ratings was the optimal predictor of final ratings in both cases. A pattern of results identical to previous investigations of simultaneously shown pictures suggests the capacity of participants to ignore the enjoyment associated with an irrelevant stimulus, regardless of the sensory pathway or the duration for which it's presented. Reserved rights for the PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2023 APA, a repository of psychological knowledge.
Smoking cessation efforts are unevenly distributed across racial and ethnic groups. This randomized controlled trial investigated the comparative impact of group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on smoking cessation rates among African American/Black, Latino/Hispanic, and White adults.
The demographic breakdown of adults shows African American/Black individuals comprising 39%, followed by Latino/Hispanic adults at 29%, and White adults making up 32%.
Eight group sessions of either CBT or GHE, coupled with nicotine patch therapy, were randomly assigned to 347 participants. Biochemical validation of 7-day point prevalence abstinence (7-day ppa) was performed at the end of therapy, and at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up examinations. Logistic regressions and generalized linear mixed models were applied to analyze abstinence rates, differentiated by condition, race, and ethnicity, considering interaction terms.
Twelve months of follow-up data showed a substantial difference in abstinence rates between CBT and GHE (AOR = 184, 95% CI [159, 213]). This difference was notable in the overall cohort (12-month follow-up CBT = 54%, GHE = 38%), and consistent across racial/ethnic groups, including African American/Black (CBT = 52%, GHE = 29%), Latino/Hispanic (CBT = 57%, GHE = 47%), and White (CBT = 54%, GHE = 41%). Marizomib While White participants demonstrated a higher tendency to withdraw, irrespective of the experimental condition, African American participants, along with those with lower educational attainment and income, were less likely to quit. Socioeconomic status, as indicated by various metrics, positively influenced abstinence rates among racial and ethnic minorities, yet no such correlation existed for White participants.
The efficacy of Group CBT was superior to that of GHE. While intensive group interventions showed promise, their long-term effectiveness was diminished for lower socioeconomic African American and Latino individuals, contrasting with the results observed in White participants. To effectively combat tobacco use, interventions should consider the complexities of racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic backgrounds, employing culturally appropriate methods in addition to others. All rights pertaining to this PsycINFO database record, copyright 2023, are reserved by the American Psychological Association.
Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy showed a more substantial impact compared to Group Holistic Exercise. While intensive group interventions were implemented, the cessation patterns showed reduced long-term effectiveness for lower socioeconomic African American and Latino individuals, as compared to White participants. Racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic divides in tobacco use necessitate interventions employing culturally relevant methodologies and other suitable strategies. In 2023, all rights related to this PsycINFO database record are held by APA.
Despite the considerable dangers to individuals and communities, alcohol-impaired driving (AID) is unfortunately still quite common in the United States. We sought to ascertain if breathalyzer-triggered alerts delivered through mobile devices in a natural drinking setting could affect real-world alcohol-impaired decision-making and actions.
A six-week ecological momentary assessment (EMA) program, involving one hundred twenty young adults (53% female; mean age 247), yielded breathalyzer data using BACtrack Mobile Pro devices, connected to their personal mobile phones. In 787 instances, participants reported their driving activities on the morning after drinking episodes, stemming from the previous evening. Participants, selected at random, received warning messages upon reaching a breath alcohol concentration of .05 (BrAC). Transform the following sentences ten times, ensuring each version maintains the original meaning and length while adopting a novel grammatical structure. If no viable transformations are possible, return no messages. Participants exposed to the warnings communicated their intention to drive and their perception of driving risks at the EMA prompts, generating 1541 data entries.
The presence of warnings significantly influenced the correlation between cumulative AID engagement and driving after a BrAC of .05, resulting in a weaker association among those in the warnings condition compared to the no-warnings condition. A warning message's appearance correlated with a heightened sense of immediate driving peril and a reduced inclination to operate a vehicle.
Driving under the influence of alcohol and the intent to do so was statistically less likely following the introduction of BrAC-cued warning messages, while the perceived risk associated with such actions correspondingly increased. The effectiveness of mobile interventions in mitigating the probability of AID is validated by these findings, which showcase a proof-of-concept for adaptive, just-in-time delivery. The PsycINFO Database Record of 2023 is copyrighted by APA, all rights reserved.
BrAC-cued warning messages were found to correlate with a decrease in the likelihood of alcohol-impaired driving (AID) and the desire to drive while intoxicated, and an increased perception of risk associated with driving after drinking. Mobile technology's capability to provide adaptive, just-in-time interventions, intended to reduce the likelihood of AID, is supported by these proof-of-concept results. This PsycINFO database record, a 2023 APA publication, holds the copyright for its contents, all rights reserved.
Five rigorously pre-registered studies, involving 1934 participants, show that the common U.S. emphasis on pursuing one's passions maintains disparities in academic and occupational gender roles, as compared to some other cultural belief systems. Study 1 indicates that the 'follow your passions' approach is a common strategy employed by U.S. students when making academic choices. Studies 2 to 5 demonstrate that highlighting the 'follow your passions' viewpoint leads to an increase in academic and occupational gender divisions, when juxtaposed against the contrasting 'resources' ideology, which centers on high income and job stability. Study 4 indicated that the 'follow-your-passions' ideology created a larger gender divide, even in comparison with a culturally female-centric ideology, like the communal ideology. Study 5's moderated mediation analysis supports the notion that observed gender disparities might be attributed to women's greater tendency, compared to men's, to invoke female-stereotypical roles when a 'follow your passions' mindset is present, while a 'resources' ideology is less prevalent. The use of female role-congruent self-identities continues to be a vital mediator, regardless of accounting for other mediating factors, such as the congruence of ideologies with one's gender. Marizomib Though the ideology of following one's passions might not appear overtly gendered, its practical application frequently generates a greater disparity in academic and occupational outcomes between genders than other cultural approaches. Reformulate this sentence into ten different versions, each employing a unique structural design and an alternative set of words, maintaining fidelity to the original meaning without repetition.
The existing data on the efficacy and acceptability of psychological interventions for PTSD in adults is not sufficiently comprehensive and quantitative.
To ascertain the efficacy and acceptability (overall attrition rates) of psychological interventions, including trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), other trauma-focused approaches, and non-trauma-focused interventions, we undertook a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).