The ecological quality of the entire Sanjiangyuan region displayed a substantial improvement since the inception of nature reserve policies, with the transformation of unused land into ecological land serving as a critical driver of this enhancement. Large, contiguous, and densely distributed nature reserves were undeniably effective ecologically, in contrast to small, scattered reserves situated near administrative borders, which demonstrated comparatively lower ecological effectiveness. Even though the ecological performance of nature reserves exceeded that of non-reserved areas, the ecological betterment in reserves and encompassing regions transpired simultaneously. The nature reserve policy, through its ecological protection and restoration projects, effectively improved the quality of the ecological environment in nature reserves. Meanwhile, the impact of farming and herding on the environment was decreased by implementing methods, such as limiting grazing land and guiding adjustments in industrial and production approaches. To maintain ecosystem integrity in the future, a national park-based network system needs to be implemented, ensuring integrated protection and coordinated management of national parks and their surrounding areas, which will subsequently facilitate broader livelihood avenues for farmers and herders.
Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve (CNR), categorized as a typical temperate forest ecosystem, exhibits a gross primary production (GPP) directly correlated with the topography and the impact of climate change. A critical examination of GPP's spatial and temporal variations in the CNR, coupled with an exploration of influencing factors, is indispensable for evaluating the health of plant communities and the quality of the ecological environment. Using the vegetation photosynthesis model (VPM), we calculated GPP in CNR, subsequently examining the factors of slope, altitude, temperature, precipitation, and total radiation. The CNR region's annual average GPP, measured between 2000 and 2020, varied from 63 to 1706 g Cm-2a-1, suggesting an inverse relationship between GPP and altitude. A significant positive correlation between temperature and GPP was observed, highlighting temperature's crucial role in shaping GPP's spatial distribution. In the CNR region, the annual GPP demonstrated a significant upward trajectory during the study period, with a mean annual increase of 13 grams per square centimeter per year. 799% of the total area saw an increase in annual GPP, and the regional distribution of this annual GPP increase varied across plant functional types. The annual precipitation exhibited a substantial negative correlation with gross primary productivity (GPP) across 432% of the examined CNRs. Conversely, annual mean temperature and total annual radiation demonstrated a significant positive correlation with GPP in 472% and 824% of the CNRs, respectively. Under the future global warming scenario, CNR's GPP will exhibit a continuous increase.
Carbon (C) storage and sequestration are characteristic features of healthy coastal estuarine wetland ecosystems. For the successful scientific stewardship of coastal estuarine wetlands, an accurate assessment of carbon sequestration and environmental impact factors is the cornerstone. In the Panjin reed (Phragmites australis) wetland, we used a combination of terrestrial ecosystem modeling, Mann-Kendall analysis, statistical analysis, and scenario simulations to analyze the temporal trends, stability, and changing patterns of net ecosystem production (NEP) from 1971 to 2020. The study also determined the contribution of environmental factors to NEP. From 1971 to 2020, the Panjin reed wetland's average annual net ecosystem production (NEP) was 41551 g Cm-2a-1, demonstrating a consistent yearly increase of 17 g Cm-2a-1, a trend projected to persist into the future. Across spring, summer, fall, and winter, the average annual NEP measured 3395, 41805, -1871, and -1778 g Cm⁻²a⁻¹, respectively. The corresponding rates of increase were 0.35, 1.26, 0.14, and -0.06 g Cm⁻²a⁻¹. Projections for NEP indicate an increasing trend in both spring and summer, however a decreasing trend is predicted for both autumn and winter Factors influencing the environmental impact on Panjin reed wetland's NEP were contingent on the temporal scale. At the interannual level, the contribution of precipitation was the most substantial, reaching 371%, then CO2 (284%), air temperature (251%), and finally photosynthetically active radiation (94%). In spring and autumn, precipitation had a substantial impact on NEP, with contribution rates of 495% and 388% respectively. Summer primarily saw CO2 concentration (369%) as the dominant influence, and winter was considerably affected by air temperature variations (-867%).
The quantitative indicator of vegetation growth conditions and ecosystem change is fractional vegetation cover (FVC). Investigating the spatial and temporal dynamics of FVC, and the driving forces behind these dynamics, is a vital focus of global and regional ecological research. Based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform, forest volume change (FVC) within Heilongjiang Province was calculated using the pixel dichotomous model, spanning the years 1990 to 2020. A comprehensive exploration of FVC's temporal and spatial patterns and drivers involved the application of Mann-Kendall mutation test, Sen's slope analysis with Mann-Kendall significance testing, correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling. The pixel dichotomous model's performance in estimating FVC was highly accurate, as confirmed by the observed R-squared value exceeding 0.7, root mean square error remaining below 0.1, and relative root mean square error remaining below 14%. During the period between 1990 and 2020, Heilongjiang's annual average FVC was measured at 0.79, characterized by an upward trend with fluctuations ranging from 0.72 to 0.85, with an average annual growth rate of 0.04%. aromatic amino acid biosynthesis The average annual FVC levels within each municipal administrative district exhibited varying degrees of increase. Heilongjiang Province's landscape was increasingly dominated by regions characterized by extremely high FVC values. population bioequivalence A rise in FVC was observed across 674% of the total area, contrasting sharply with the 262% of the area showing a decline, leaving the balance unchanged. Compared to the monthly average meteorological factors of the growing season, the correlation of human activity with annual average FVC was stronger. Human activity emerged as the principal determinant of FVC shifts in Heilongjiang Province, with land use type contributing as a secondary factor. A negative impact on FVC changes was observed due to the average monthly meteorological factors experienced during the growing season. These results, pivotal to long-term FVC monitoring and driving force analysis in Heilongjiang Province, will inform ecological restoration and protection strategies and the crafting of relevant land use policy.
Ecological research is actively investigating the profound connection between biodiversity and the endurance of ecosystems. Focus on above-ground plant systems in current research overshadows the crucial roles of below-ground soil systems, including the plant's intricate root interactions with the soil itself. Three soil suspensions, varying in microbial biodiversity (100, 10-2, and 10-6), were produced via the dilution method. These were then individually introduced into Mollisols and Oxisols used for agriculture, allowing for the assessment of soil CO2 release and N2O emission stability (measured via resistance and resilience) to both copper pollution and heat exposure. Concerning the stability of CO2 production in Mollisols, the findings revealed no impact from microbial diversity loss, but a substantial decrease in the resistance and resilience of N2O emission was observed within Mollisols at a microbial diversity level of 10-6. In Oxisol ecosystems, N2O emission's resistance and resilience to copper pollution and heat stress started to weaken at the 10-2 diversity level, and the stability of CO2 production was diminished at the 10-6 level of diversity. The observed connection between microbial diversity and functional stability was contingent upon both soil type and the specific roles of the soil functions. find more Soils with abundant nutrients and resilient microbial communities were found to be more functionally stable. Crucially, fundamental soil functions, exemplified by carbon dioxide production, exhibited higher resistance and resilience to environmental stresses compared to specific functions, like nitrogen oxide emission.
To achieve optimal greenhouse placement in Inner Mongolia, we identified key climate indicators, using data from 119 meteorological stations (1991-2020) and analyzing the growing demand for leafy and fruiting vegetables within the region. These indicators included winter low temperatures, sunshine hours, cloudy days, extreme minimum temperatures, days with monsoon-related weather events, and the presence of snow cover during the growing season. Our analysis also focused on critical meteorological factors and disaster indicators, including low temperature damage, wind disasters, and snow-related issues. To evaluate the comprehensive climate suitability zoning for leafy and fruity vegetables, we applied the weighted sum method to analyze the indices, classifications, and divisions within solar greenhouses on 35 and 40 degree slopes. The results demonstrably show that greenhouse climatic suitability zoning for leafy and fruity vegetables at 35 and 40 degree slopes correlated strongly, with leafy vegetables exhibiting greater suitability than fruity vegetables within the same region. With the escalation of the slope, the wind disaster index diminished while the snow disaster index ascended. Disasters involving wind and snow caused a discrepancy in the climate's suitability across the impacted territories. The northeast region of the study area was predominantly affected by snow-related disasters, and the climatic suitability of 40-degree slopes exhibited higher values than those of 35-degree slopes.